Ź ҵ ѧ ķ չ Ӧ ѧ 뾭 ѧ о ҡ Ӧ ѧӿ о ģ 編 ա ʱ ɡ άҶ ʥά ϡ ص ѧ ѧ ѧ ѧ ȷ ԵĹ Ӣ п ѧ N S ŵ о Ŀ ߣ ȶ Ժ λ о Ŀ ߣ Ʒ Ʒ

Τ ھ ѧ Ͼ г ߵĵ λ Ҷ Ӧ ѧ ķ չҲ ס Ӧ ѧ о 漰 ѧ ⵯ ԡ ṹ ѧ ճ ѧ ѧ ѧ ȶ Եȷ 档 о Ӧ ѧ Ĺ У ѧ ɺͶ ? ʵ ȷ л ؽ һ о ᳫ ļ ѧ Ӧ ѧ ѧ ġ
Maxwell not only holds a great position in classical physics, but also made important contributions to applied mechanics. His research on mechanics deals with elastic martin mania mechanics, photo-elasticity, structural mechanics, visco-elastic mechanics, celestial mechanics, fluid mechanics, and dynamic stability. During the process of research on applied mechanics, he can grasp the proficient mathematics and the physical nature of the problem, martin mania which is consistent with the spirit of engineering science and applied mathematics.
Τ (James Clerk Maxwell, 1831–1879) Ǿ ϵ “ ţ ΰ ѧ ѧ ” martin mania ʱ ո ѧ (Peter G Tait) Ϊ “ ţ ٱȼ ” ѧʷ ϣ Τ зdz ߵĵ λ һ Ҫ ҳ ʷ ʮ ΰ ѧ ҵĻ ô Τ Լ Ľ ѡ һ dz ӽ λ [1 – 3] Τ Ĺ Ҳ ߵ 1931 Τ 100 굮 ļ д “ Դ ţ ٵ춨 ѧ Ļ ѧ ΰ ı ɷ ں Τ ڵ Ĺ …… һ ΰ ı ڡ Τ ͺ ȵ Զ ϵ һ ġ θ ΰ Τ …… ţ ѧ гɹ Ĺ ”
     Ȼ Τ ڿ ѧ ΰ Ĺ ڵ ѧ 档 1873 ġ ѧ ʹ ѧ һ Ǽ ѧ ɵĻ ʱ ȫ ʮ Ҷ ǰ Ե о ɹ ڸ н ĵ ϵ һ ţ ٵġ Ȼ ѧ ѧ ? ĵġ Դ ġ ѧ ? ʽ λΰ Ŀ ѧ ѧ dz ʵ ʶ dz 㲩 һ ڿ ѧ ĸ ѧ ? ѧ ͳ ȷ 涼 ԵĹ Ĺ Ĵ ʿ ģ “ Τ Ե Զ Կ ھ ѧ ҵ ϣ Ź â ӳ ڰ Ӹ ڽ Ŵ ѧ ӹ ȫ 硣”    
ʵ ϣ Τ Ӧ ѧ (Applied Mechanics) Ҳ к ף е ijЩ о Ѿ ΪӦ ѧ չ ĵ Գɹ Τ Ϊһ ѧ ѧ ҵ ҫ Ĺ Ѿ Ӧ ѧ ϵĹ ף Ժ ѧ ѧ Щ Ĵ Ӧ ѧ չ ĽǶ ص㿼 Τ Ӧ ѧ о Ҫ ɹ
Ź ҵ ѧ ķ չ Ӧ ѧ 뾭 ѧ о ҡ Ӧ ѧӿ о ģ 編 ա ʱ ɡ άҶ ʥά ϡ ص ѧ ѧ ѧ ѧ ȷ ԵĹ Ӣ п ѧ N S ŵ о Ŀ ߣ ȶ Ժ λ о Ŀ ߣ Ʒ Ʒ л ѧ ҡ ҹ ѧ Ǯѧɭ ά ر Ƴ Ӧ ѧ һ Դ أ ѧ ĸ Ӧ ѧѧ ɣ Ϊ ף һ ڽ ѧӦ ڹ ӹ ѧģ Ȼ ʵ ѧ ѧ ӿ Ӧ ѧ ң Ħ • š С Ǵ Ǯѧɭ Ǯΰ ȡ Τ һλΰ ľ ѧ ң Ƿ Ӧ ѧ Ӧ ѧ ң ĺ ѧ ں Ӧ á
1850 19 Τ ʱ δ չ Ƶĵ ҷ һƪ Ϊ ƽ [4] ڸ У ϸ ɸ ѧ ε ȡ Щ ľ ȷ Ϊ ѧ Ǹ Щ Τ õġ ƪ ģ Τ չʾ ͻ ѧ ܣ Ϊ Ժ Ŀ д ΤҲ ĵ 飬 ĵ ϵ Ҷ ˮ Ŀ ѹ Խ
N Ϊ Ȳ ߵļ f Ϊģ Ͳ ϵ t Ϊģ ĺ ȡ ΤӦ ùⵯ Է һЩ ѧ Ľ ʵ dz Ǻϡ Ժ Ϊ Τ Թⵯ Է ʵ ⵯ ѧӦ ĵ һ ˣ Ҳ ǹⵯ ʵ ʷ ߡ ʮ ĩ ⵯ Է Ѹ չ Ϊȫ Ӧ Ҫ Σ ڲ ϡ 졢ҽѧ ˮ ľ ȹ ž [5]
Τ ڽṹ ѧ Ĺ Ҳ Ǻ ΰ ģ о 1864 [6] ʱ Ѿ ľ 볬 ṹ ھ ܣ Τ ǰ Ļ ϼ ͼ ķ ʽȥ ͼ һ Ի ͼ Ҳ Ϊ “ Τ ͼ ” ڳ ܣ 繰 ŵȽṹ Τ ĽǶ Ƶ ṹ һ 㷽 õ λ ƻ ȶ
Τ ëϸ Ҳ Ƚϸ Ȥ 1875 е ٿ ȫ “ ëϸ ”һ ʢˮ 渽 ëϸ ö γɵ Һ ŷ ߵ һ µ [7] ý ΪҺ Ĵ ṩ ϵ ݣ ϸ Ϊ ϸ IJ [8]
ΪӦ 䣬 ΪӦ E Ϊ ɵĵ Գ Ϊճ ϵ ģ һ ģ Kelvin-Voigt ģ ճ ѧ ѧ ģ ڴ ϣ ճ Եĸ Ϊ ʵ ʵ ģ ģ Զ ճ ģ άճ ģ
Τ о Ҳ 漰 ȶ 1712 Ӣ Ŧ (Thomas Newcomen, 1663–1729) ٶ ɿ ƣ Ե º ú Ч ʵ һ ϴ ó ڿ ɽ ˮ Լ 1782 Ӣ (James Watt, 1736–1819) ע һ ز Ƿ ߣ Ӧ ߣ ĵ ʹ Ч ߵ Ŧ 3 ʱ ʹ ò Ѹ ٵõ ƹ㡣 ĵ ʮ һ ʮ Ҷ ʹ õú ã ǵ ʮ Ҷ Ժ ٶ ˣ ͳ ȶ Τ ע 1868 о ϵͳ ȶ Կ